Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Report Code: AM 12033 Report Format: PDF + Excel
1. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Overview
        1.1 Definitions and Scope
2. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Executive summary
        2.1 Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company
        2.2 Key Trends by type of Application
        2.3 Key Trends segmented by Geography
3. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market
        3.1 Comparative analysis
            3.1.1 Product Benchmarking - Top 10 companies
            3.1.2 Top 5 Financials Analysis
            3.1.3 Market Value split by Top 10 companies
            3.1.4 Patent Analysis - Top 10 companies
            3.1.5 Pricing Analysis
4. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium
        4.1 Top 10 startup company Analysis by
            4.1.1 Investment
            4.1.2 Revenue
            4.1.3 Market Shares
            4.1.4 Market Size and Application Analysis
            4.1.5 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario
5. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium
        5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview
        5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing business index
        5.3 Case studies of successful ventures
        5.4 Customer Analysis - Top 10 companies
6. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Forces
        6.1 Drivers
        6.2 Constraints
        6.3 Challenges
        6.4 Porters five force model
            6.4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
            6.4.2 Bargaining powers of customers
            6.4.3 Threat of new entrants
            6.4.4 Rivalry among existing players
            6.4.5 Threat of substitutes
7. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market -Strategic analysis
        7.1 Value chain analysis
        7.2 Opportunities analysis
        7.3 Product life cycle
        7.4 Suppliers and distributors Market Share
8. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - By Product Type(Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
        8.1 Market Size and Market Share Analysis
        8.2 Application Revenue and Trend Research
        8.3 Product Segment Analysis
            8.3.1 By Type
                8.3.1.1 Transistor Type
                8.3.1.2 Capacitive
                8.3.1.3 Speed Sensing
9. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - By Type(Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
        9.1 Industry Environment
            9.1.1 Policy
            9.1.2 Economics
            9.1.3 Sociology
            9.1.4 Technology
        9.2 Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert
            9.2.1 Continental Automotive Systems
            9.2.2 Valeo
            9.2.3 ACDelco
            9.2.4 Dorman Products
            9.2.5 Inteva Products
            9.2.6 Standard Motor Products
            9.2.7 Aisin
            9.2.8 Mitsuba
            9.2.9 Stoneridge
            9.2.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts
            9.2.11 Carchet
            9.2.12 Shanghai Hugong
        9.3 Demand by End Market
            9.3.1 Demand in Passenger Car
            9.3.2 Demand in Truck
            9.3.3 Demand in Other
10. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators - By Application Type(Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
        10.1 Segment type Size and Market Share Analysis
        10.2 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
        10.3 Application Segment Analysis by Type
11. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators- By Geography (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
        11.1 Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - North America Segment Research
        11.2 North America Market Research (Million / $Billion)
            11.2.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            11.2.2 Revenue and Trends
            11.2.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            11.2.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            11.2.5 North America Product type and Application Market Size
                  11.2.5.1 U.S
                  11.2.5.2 Canada
                  11.2.5.3 Mexico
                  11.2.5.4 Rest of North America
        11.3 Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators- South America Segment Research
        11.4 South America Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            11.4.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            11.4.2 Revenue and Trends
            11.4.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            11.4.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            11.4.5 South America Product type and Application Market Size
                  11.4.5.1 Brazil
                  11.4.5.2 Venezuela
                  11.4.5.3 Argentina
                  11.4.5.4 Ecuador
                  11.4.5.5 Peru
                  11.4.5.6 Colombia
                  11.4.5.7 Costa Rica
                  11.4.5.8 Rest of South America
        11.5 Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators- Europe Segment Research
        11.6 Europe Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            11.6.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            11.6.2 Revenue and Trends
            11.6.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            11.6.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            11.6.5 Europe Segment Product type and Application Market Size
                  11.6.5.1 U.K
                  11.6.5.2 Germany
                  11.6.5.3 Italy
                  11.6.5.4 France
                  11.6.5.5 Netherlands
                  11.6.5.6 Belgium
                  11.6.5.7 Denmark
                  11.6.5.8 Spain
                  11.6.5.9 Rest of Europe
        11.7 Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators - APAC Segment Research
        11.8 APAC Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            11.8.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            11.8.2 Revenue and Trends
            11.8.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            11.8.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            11.8.5 APAC Segment - Product type and Application Market Size
                  11.8.5.1 China
                  11.8.5.2 Australia
                  11.8.5.3 Japan
                  11.8.5.4 South Korea
                  11.8.5.5 India
                  11.8.5.6 Taiwan
                  11.8.5.7 Malaysia
                  11.8.5.8 Hong kong
                  11.8.5.9 Rest of APAC
        11.9 Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators - Middle East Segment and Africa Segment Research
        11.10 Middle East & Africa Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            11.10.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            11.10.2 Revenue and Trend Analysis
            11.10.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            11.10.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            11.10.5 Middle East Segment Product type and Application Market Size
                  11.10.5.1 Israel
                  11.10.5.2 Saudi Arabia
                  11.10.5.3 UAE
            11.10.6 Africa Segment Analysis
                  11.10.6.1 South Africa
                  11.10.6.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa
12. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Entropy
        12.1 New product launches
        12.2 M&A s, collaborations, JVs and partnerships
13. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Industry / Segment Competition landscape Premium
        13.1 Market Share Analysis
            13.1.1 Market Share by Country- Top companies
            13.1.2 Market Share by Region- Top 10 companies
            13.1.3 Market Share by type of Application - Top 10 companies
            13.1.4 Market Share by type of Product / Product category- Top 10 companies
            13.1.5 Market Share at global level - Top 10 companies
            13.1.6 Best Practises for companies
14. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Key Company List by Country Premium
15. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Company Analysis
        15.1 Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments
        15.2 Company 2
        15.3 Company 3 & More
*Financials would be provided on a best efforts basis for private companies
16. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Appendix
        16.1 Abbreviations
        16.2 Sources
17. Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market - Methodology
        17.1 Research Methodology
            17.1.1 Company Expert Interviews
            17.1.2 Industry Databases
            17.1.3 Associations
            17.1.4 Company News
            17.1.5 Company Annual Reports
            17.1.6 Application Trends
            17.1.7 New Products and Product database
            17.1.8 Company Transcripts
            17.1.9 R&D Trends
            17.1.10 Key Opinion Leaders Interviews
            17.1.11 Supply and Demand Trends

LIST OF TABLES

1.Global Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
1.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
3.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.Global Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
4.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
5.Global Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
5.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
6.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
6.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
6.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
7.Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
7.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.Global Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
8.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
9.North America Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.North America Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.North America Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.North America Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.South America Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.South America Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
15.South America Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
15.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.South America Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
16.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.Europe Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
17.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.Europe Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
18.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
18.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
18.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
19.Europe Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
19.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.Europe Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
20.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.APAC Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
21.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.APAC Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
22.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
22.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
22.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
23.APAC Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
23.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.APAC Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
24.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.MENA Industry Environment Market 2019-2024 ($M)
25.1 Policy Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.2 Economics Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.3 Sociology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.4 Technology Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.MENA Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market by Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
26.1 By Type Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.1.1 Transistor Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
26.1.2 Capacitive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
26.1.3 Speed Sensing Market 2019-2024 ($M)
27.MENA Automotive Door Lock Actuators Kiekert Market 2019-2024 ($M)
27.1 Continental Automotive Systems Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.2 Valeo Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.3 ACDelco Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.4 Dorman Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.5 Inteva Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.6 Standard Motor Products Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.7 Aisin Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.8 Mitsuba Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.9 Stoneridge Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.10 Wuhan Baode Automobile Parts Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.11 Carchet Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.12 Shanghai Hugong Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.MENA Demand by End Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
28.1 Demand in Passenger Car Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.2 Demand in Truck Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research

LIST OF FIGURES

1.US Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
2.Canada Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Mexico Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
4.Brazil Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
5.Argentina Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
6.Peru Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
7.Colombia Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
8.Chile Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
10.UK Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
11.Germany Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
12.France Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
13.Italy Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
14.Spain Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
16.China Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
17.India Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
18.Japan Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
19.South Korea Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
20.South Africa Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
21.North America Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators By Application
22.South America Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators By Application
23.Europe Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators By Application
24.APAC Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators By Application
25.MENA Global Automotive Door Lock Actuators By Application